Haloalkanes muaj ntau yam khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem raug txo qis thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau.
Tshwj xeeb:
Core Tshuaj Reactions
Kev hloov pauv (Hydrolysis)
Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm haloalkanes, thiab tag nrho cov haloalkanes tuaj yeem raug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no.
Cov xwm txheej tiv thaiv: NaOH aqueous tov, cua sov
Bond Breaking Nature: Txhaum C-X daim ntawv cog lus, lub halogen atom (X) yog hloov los ntawm pawg hydroxyl (-OH).
Reaction Equation:
R−X + NaOH →
△ Dej
R-OH + NaX
R-X+NaOH
Dej
△
R-OH + NaX (R sawv cev rau pawg hydrocarbon)
Lwm Hom: Dhau li ntawm hydrolysis, haloalkanes tseem tuaj yeem hloov pauv alkoxy los ua ethers, cyano hloov pauv kom ntev cov pa roj carbon monoxide, ammonolysis los tsim amines, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog nyiaj nitrate cawv los tsim cov nyiaj halide precipitates. Cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas hom haloalkanes.
Kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (lossis tshem tawm ntawm Hydrocarbons) Raws li cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, cov molecule me me raug tshem tawm los ua ib qho tsis muaj hydrocarbon. Cov kev cai tsim qauv siv tau.
Cov tsos mob tshwm sim: NaOH cawv tov, cua sov
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Cov Qauv: Cov pa roj carbon atom nyob ib sab ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom txuas rau halogen atom yuav tsum muaj hydrogen atom. Piv txwv li, CH₃Cl thiab (CH₃)₃CCH₂Cl tsis tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Bond breaking essence: Simultaneous breaking of C-X bonds and close C-H bonds, tshem HX me molecule.
Reaction sib npaug:
RCH₂CH₂X + NaOH →
△ Cawv
RCH=CH₂ + NaX + H₂O
RCH₂CH₂X + NaOH
Cawv
△ RCH=CH₂ + NaX + H₂O
Cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom: Yog tias cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob ib sab yog tag nrho txuas nrog halogen atoms, lub diene lossis carbon -carbon triple bond tuaj yeem tsim tau, ua raws li Zaitsev txoj cai.